Kami, the divinities revered in Japan’s Shinto religion, can be likened to Greek gods in their mix of all too human characteristics, says Sinéad Vilbar, the curator of Japanese art at the Cleveland Museum of Art. “Some of them get petty, some of them get really cross, they are jealous of one another sometimes, and they get angry over things people do,” she says. “One of the reasons for worshipping them is to keep them happy.”
The day-to-day engagement of ordinary people with the kami in their midst is the focus of a major international loan exhibition that Vilbar has organised at the Cleveland museum, titled Shinto: Discovery of the Divine in Japanese Art. The show, opening on 9 April, aims to bring the Shinto belief system to life through 125 works in different mediums—including calligraphy, painting, sculpture and costumes dating from the tenth to the 19th century.
Some of them get petty, some of them get really cross… One of the reasons for worshipping them is to keep them happy
Arranged by theme rather than chronology, the exhibition delves into topics such as “Entertaining the Gods”, depicting activities like horse racing, sumo wrestling, mounted archery, dance and theatre that people staged at shrines to honour and beguile the kami. “Gods in Great Houses” explores the aristocracy’s role in developing shrines; in what Vilbar describes as a coup, she has borrowed two life-size wooden statues (from 1259 and 1261) of the deity Tenjin, the posthumous name of a nobleman whose spirit entered the ranks of the kami after his death. “Today he is a big source of support for schoolchildren and for young people doing entrance exams, as the god of literature,” the curator says. “People ask to get into the college of their choice.”
“Combinations” covers the fusion of sacred sites in Japan where kami and Buddhist deities were worshipped side by side for centuries. That section features two of Vilbar’s “absolute favourite” borrowed pieces: two boxes teeming with painted symbols including Western zodiac signs, the “dragon god” who symbolises worship of water and a selection of Buddhist deities. “In the Buddhist community, kami were looked at as avatars of Buddhist deities,” she says. “This enables them to be harmoniously worshipped and not in conflict with one another.” That would end in 1868 when an official edict separated the two belief systems.
Kasuga Mandala Reliquary Shrine (1479) from the Muromachi period (1392–1573) Tokyo National Museum: TNM Image Archives
Given their rarity and fragility, many of the objects travelled from Japanese museums, temples, shrines and private collections with the stipulation that they could only be shown for a few weeks. The museum is therefore displaying the works in two rotations from 9 April to 19 May and from 23 May to 30 June.
The exhibition is supported by Hiroyuki and Mikiko Fujita, Quality Electrodynamics and the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation, among others.
• Shinto: Discovery of the Divine in Japanese Art, Cleveland Museum of Art, 9 April-30 June