Philippe Parreno has been described as “permanently moving”, and his work evades easy definition in its constant exploration of how art can and should be experienced. The Algerian-born, Paris-based artist is best known for two collaborative works that use film to examine notions of portraiture and the representation of individuals. Zidane: a 21st-century Portrait, made with the British artist Douglas Gordon in 2006, is composed of footage shot from 17 different cameras trained on the French footballer Zinedine Zidane during a match between Real Madrid and Villareal. For No Ghost Just a Shell, 1999, Parreno and the French artist Pierre Huyghe bought the copyright for the Japanese manga character Annlee and invited artists to make work in response to this off-the-peg avatar. More recently, Parreno has been working alone, but for his solo show at Basel’s Fondation Beyeler this month, he has enlisted landscape architects, digital technicians and even a medium for two new films, which feature an all-black garden and Marilyn Monroe.
The Art Newspaper: Why did you make a film about Marilyn?
Philippe Parreno: It started with a little book that a friend sent me of fragments from her notebooks—and what I liked was her handwriting. The book was published because this year people are celebrating her death, and in my work I am interested in celebration. I was interested in the idea of celebrating a dead person, of trying to portray a ghost. Why are ghosts interesting? Because they are unfinished, heterogenous. Marilyn Monroe represents the first time that the unconscious killed the person—her image killed her. So we had to use an image to bring her back.
The film is shot from Marilyn’s point of view, but you never see her; her writing and her voice are generated by machines.
Yes, there is an uncanniness to the whole mise-en-scène. I am using biometry in the same way that they use biometry to identify a person—by voice, handwriting and eye recognition. The three ways to identify a person are [achieved] by three algorithms: there is one mathematical mechanism for recreating the voice, one for the handwriting, and the third is embodied in a new digital camera that uses the same algorithm I’m using for the handwriting. So the camera becomes her eyes looking around the room. I found it interesting that a little equation could recreate something resembling a human, something quasi-human. We are entering the uncanny valley [a hypothesis in robotics suggesting that near-lifelike robots provoke revulsion in humans].
Your fictitious evocation of Marilyn’s room at the Waldorf Astoria is also very cinematic.
The idea of cinema as exhibition is another aspect. The room at the Astoria that I have recreated is basically an exhibition space, so when you enter the room at the Beyeler, you will have the feeling that you are entering two exhibition spaces, one containing the other. So it’s also echoing this early form of cinema, which was a circus act or phantasmagoria where there was weird lighting and the projection of smoke. Conjurers would summon some kind of ethereal presence; they would attempt to bring back the dead.
In Marilyn, the viewer almost inhabits Monroe’s body—similar to the way in which your film June 8, 1968, 2010, was shot as if from the perspective of the coffin of Bobby Kennedy.
Exactly. It is also the second time that I have taken a dead American hero [as my subject]. I always like to do things that come in pairs. I guess one pair was Annlee and Zidane; another is June 8, 1968 with Marilyn. Another pairing is my film Boy from Mars [2003], where I built the architecture as the set for the film, and Continuously Habitable Zones [2011], the film of a black garden that I have made with the Fondation Daimler and the Fondation Beyeler. Both are science-fiction films that leave their set behind to continue to exist in reality. The landscape is this sort of residue. It survives the making of the work.
For Continuously Habitable Zones, you have created a garden made of black plants, with the sound coming from microphones buried in the earth and inserted in the plants.
The black garden is a Frankenstein-like creature. I built this garden in Portugal in order to shoot the film, but although the work of art is the film, this weird, mad landscape has survived the shooting and lives on, like its waste or excess. So you have this work, which will enter into collections and will be historicised and archived, but there is something that is left over, that leaks out of the work and has its own life. I am more and more interested by this idea that there is something left unfinished and incomplete—just like a ghost.
You consider the exhibition to be as much a work of art as the individual pieces within it, so how will you orchestrate the rooms at the Beyeler?
Until I have finished the films, I am not completely sure; without the performers, you can’t do the choreography. But I will explore the idea of making the works leak out beyond their specific time and place. One way I am choreographing and extending the exhibition beyond its three-month run is by giving each visitor who comes to the museum a DVD of both films, so when they leave the museum, they will take the exhibition with them and extend the pictures in space and time. But each DVD will be coded so that at a certain time they will erase themselves and not be playable any more. It’s a bit like having two creatures that can come and live in your computer for a while, and then die.
Whether in your films or in other works, such as the sculptures of Christmas trees that function as works of art during every month except December, you always seem to be concerned with exploring and manipulating notions of the timeframe and presentation of works.
I believe that this works for all works of art: paintings also come with a timeframe and a time protocol. We believe that a painting is forever but, of course, it is the museography that decides. If you go into the reserves of the Musée d’Orsay, you will see things that people never see, and all these things were supposed to be forever. A work doesn’t exist until you rediscover it. It’s always through our reading of history that we rediscover and reinvent what we see.
Biography
Born: Oran, Algeria, 1964
Lives and works: Paris
Represented by: Pilar Corrias, London; Air de Paris, Paris; Friedrich Petzel Gallery, New York; Esther Schipper, Berlin
Selected solo exhibitions: 2012 Fondation Beyeler, Basel, Switzerland 2010 Serpentine Gallery, London 2009 Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
Selected group exhibitions:
2011 “Art of Communication”, National Museum of Contemporary Art Korea, Seoul 2009 “Il Tempo del Postino”, Art Basel 2007 52nd Venice Biennale, Italy
Selected collaborations: 2006 Zidane: a 21st-century Portrait, with Douglas Gordon 1999-2003 No Ghost Just a Shell, with Pierre Huyghe and numerous artists (various venues)
Originally appeared in The Art Newspaper as 'Warning: this art will self-destruct'